Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. It results from chaotic electrical activity in the atria, producing an irregularly irregular heartbeat and ineffective atrial contraction.

Risk Factors

* Advanced age
* Hypertension
* Coronary artery disease
* Heart failure
* Valvular heart disease
* Diabetes
* Hyperthyroidism
* Obesity
* Obstructive sleep apnea
* Excessive alcohol intake

Symptoms

* Palpitations
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Dizziness
* Chest discomfort

Some patients have no symptoms.

ECG Findings

* No distinct P waves
* Irregularly irregular R–R intervals
* Fibrillatory (f) waves
* Usually narrow QRS complexes

Complications

AFib increases the risk of:

* Ischemic stroke
* Systemic embolism
* Heart failure
* Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Treatment

Management includes:

* Rate control: Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin.
* Rhythm control: Antiarrhythmic drugs, cardioversion, or catheter ablation.
* Stroke prevention: Anticoagulation based on the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score.
* Risk factor modification: Control blood pressure, treat sleep apnea and thyroid disease, lose weight, and reduce alcohol intake.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce complications and improve quality of life.

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