Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), causing the body’s metabolism to speed up.
Common Causes
- Graves’ disease (most common)
- Toxic multinodular goiter
- Toxic thyroid adenoma
- Thyroiditis
- Excess iodine or thyroid hormone intake
Signs & Symptoms
- Unexplained weight loss despite increased appetite
- Palpitations and rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- Heat intolerance and excessive sweating
- Fine hand tremor
- Anxiety, nervousness, and irritability
- Fatigue and proximal muscle weakness
- Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
- Enlarged thyroid (goiter)
- Warm, moist skin
- Menstrual irregularities
- Eye bulging (exophthalmos) in Graves’ disease
Diagnosis
- Low TSH
- Elevated free T4 and/or T3
- Thyroid antibodies (especially in Graves’ disease)
- Thyroid ultrasound or radioactive iodine uptake scan when indicated
Treatment
- Antithyroid drugs (e.g., methimazole or propylthiouracil)
- Beta-blockers to relieve symptoms
- Radioactive iodine therapy
- Thyroid surgery in selected patients
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment help prevent serious complications such as atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis, and thyroid storm.